| When added 2 to 3 drops NaOH white ppt produced that is soluble in excess NaOH giving a colourless solution | Can be Aluminium Al3+ or Zinc Zn2+ |
| When added 2 to 3 drops NaOH white ppt produced that is insoluble in excess NaOH | Presence of Calcium Ca2+ |
| When added some NaOH and warmed an alkaline gas which turns damp red ltmus paper blue is given off | Ammonium NH4+ is present because ammonia the only alkaline gas is detected |
| When added 2 to 3 drops NaOH light blue ppt produced that is insoluble in excess NaOH. However if added 2 to 3 drops ammonia solution the light blue ppt produced will be soluble to give dark blue solution in excess ammonia solution. | Presence of Copper Cu2+ present |
| When added 2 to 3 drops NaOH or ammonia solution green ppt is produced that is insoluble in both cases where excess NaOH or ammonia solution is given | Presence of Iron(II) or also called Ferrous Fe(II) |
| When added 2 to 3 drops NaOH or ammonia solution red-brown ppt is produced that is insoluble in excess in both cases of NaOH or ammonia solution | Presence of Iron(III) or also called Ferric Fe(III) |
| When added 2 to 3 drops NaOH or ammonia solution white ppt produced that is soluble in excess NaOH or ammonia solution giving a colourless solution. | Presence of Zinc Zn2+ |
| When added 2 to 3 drops NaOH white ppt produced that is soluble in excess NaOH giving a colourless solution. But when added 2 to 3 drops ammonia solution the white ppt produced is insoluble in excess ammonia | Presence of Aluminium Al3+ |
| When added 2 to 3 drops NaOH white ppt produced that is insoluble in excess NaOH. When ammonia is added no ppt or very slight white ppt seen | Presence of Calcium Ca2+ |