| TEST: When solution warmed with acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution ; OBSERVATION: it turned from orange to green | Possibly a primary, secondary alcohol or aldehyde |
| TEST: When shaken with bromine solution; OBSERVATION: yellow solution decolourised | Presence of alkene |
| TEST: When shaken with bromine solution; OBSERVATION: yellow solution decolourised and white ppt also formed | Presence of phenol |
| TEST: Warmed with aqueous NaOH, acidify with dil HNO3 then add aq AgNO3; OBSERVATION: white, cream or yellow ppt | Presence of one of the haloalkanes; C-Cl, C-Br, C-I |
| TEST: Add Phosphorus Pentachloride; OBSERVATIONS: Effervescence with steamy fumes of HCl | Presence of OH group in alcohols and carboxylic acids |
| TEST: 2-4-dinitrophenylhydrazine; OBSERVATION: orange ppt | Presence of carbonyl group, C=O in aldehydes and ketones |
| TEST: Boil with Fehlings Solution; OBSERVATION: Blue solution gives red ppt | Presence of aldehyde |
| TEST: Warm with ammoniacal silver nitrate solution; OBSERVATION: Silver mirror produced at bottom of test tube | Presence of aldehyde |
| TEST: Add sodium or potassium hydrogencarbonate to sample; OBSERVATION: Effervescence with CO2 evolved | Presence of carboxylic acids |
| TEST: Iodoform test; add iodine in alkaline solution to sample or aqueous potassium iodide and sodium(I) chlorate; OBSERVATION: pale yellow ppt | Presence of methyl group attached to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group; could be methyl ketone or ethanal, methyl secondary alcohol or ethanol |
| TEST: Warm with carboxylic acid and a few drops of conc sulphuric acid; OBSERVATION: Ester smell or glue like | Presence of alcohol |
| TEST: Add sodium nitrite and dil HCl followed by an alkaline solution of phenol in ice-cold conditions; OBSERVATION: Orange ppt | Presence of aromatic amine |